Presettlement forests and fire in southern Alabama
نویسندگان
چکیده
Although the loss of Pinus palustris P. Mill. (longleaf pine) dominated communities and the alteration of the presettlement fire regimes have been documented, there is little information on the ecology of the presettlement lower Coastal Plain forests of the southeastern United States. We used 12 637 witness trees, which were recorded by General Land Office surveyors between 1820 and 1846, to identify presettlement witness tree associations and to explore witness tree – environmental variable relationships. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to identify three witness tree associations including a Pinus spp. – Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh. association, a Quercus spp. – Carya spp. association, and a Persea spp. – Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. association. Canonical correspondence analysis and contingency tables were used to describe and test witness tree relationships with slope, elevation, and soil drainage. Additionally, bearing distances, used as an indicator of forest density, were compared among the witness tree associations. Species orientation shown by the DCA ordination diagram was interpreted as a gradient of fire frequency. This interpretation of a fire gradient was supported through the analysis of bearing distances, which showed high bearing distances associated with witness trees located on the high fire frequency end of the gradient. The relationships between witness trees and environmental variables as well as relationships between witness trees and bearing distances suggest that fire-dependent longleaf communities dominated the presettlement study area. Résumé : Bien que la perte de communautés dominées par Pinus palustris P. Mill. (pin des marais) et la modification des régimes des feux qui prévalaient avant la colonisation aient été documentées, il existe peu d’information sur l’écologie des forêts qui occupaient la basse plaine côtière du sud-est des États-Unis avant la colonisation. Nous avons utilisé 12 637 arbres témoins, recensés par les arpenteurs du Bureau général des terres entre 1829 et 1846, pour identifier les associations d’arbres témoins qui existaient avant la colonisation et explorer les relations entre les arbres témoins et les variables environnementales. L’analyse des correspondances redressée a été utilisée pour identifier trois associations d’arbres témoins incluant une association de Pinus spp. et Quercus marilandica (L.) Muenchh. , une association de Quercus spp. et Carya spp. et une association de Persea spp. et Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. L’analyse canonique des correspondances et des tables de contingence ont été utilisées pour décrire et tester la relation des arbres témoins avec la pente, l’altitude et le drainage. De plus, la distance des relèvements, utilisée comme indicateur de la densité de la forêt, a été comparée entre les associations d’arbres témoins. L’orientation des espèces illustrée par le diagramme d’ordination de l’analyse des correspondances redressée a été interprétée comme un gradient de la fréquence des feux. Cette interprétation d’un gradient de la fréquence des feux était supportée par l’analyse de la distance des relèvements qui a montré que les relèvements dont la distance était élevée étaient associés aux arbres témoins situés à l’extrémité supérieure du gradient de la fréquence des feux. Les relations entre les arbres témoins et les variables environnementales aussi bien que les relations entre les arbres témoins et la distance des relèvements indiquent que les communautés de pin des marais tributaires du feu dominaient la zone d’étude avant la colonisation. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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